To Rule the Night

â€Å"To Rule The Night† by James B. Irwin English 10 2/14/09 â€Å"As we flew into space we had a new sense of ourselves, of the earth, and of the nearness of God. I sensed the beginning of some sort of deep change taking place inside of me† -James B. Irwin The author’s purpose in the biography, â€Å"To Rule The Night,† by James B. Irwin, is to inform the reader of his life, particularly his trip to the moon and how God opened doors for him to share the word with thousands of people. Also in his book he talks about his childhood and how his father was a big Air force addict which influenced him to join the military. He also talks about what happened when he got back to Earth, about all the interviews, and the famous Postage stamp incident that occurred between the crew and a German stamp dealer. (64)â€Å"†¦to show that our good postal service delivers any place in the universe, I have the pleasant task of canceling , here on the moon, the first stamp of a new issue†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Dave went on to sell all the new stamps to the German stamp dealer. I believe that he did achieve in informing me on his journey to the moon and his life. I did enjoy this book also I thought it was encouraging how he was saved, (60) â€Å"certainly God had been watching over us that day. † I think this book was meant for who ever was reading it because of all the interesting details, any kid could be interested in because he talks about living in zero Gs and how you eat with no gravity. (24) â€Å"All food containers were labeled A, B, C, D, E, and all meals were color-coded†¦. So if a meal floated by and you identified it as red, you could say, ‘Hey Dave you’ve lost your entree. Also for an adult because of the actual story of it the fact that he went to the moon and the maturity it was written in. It was appealing even from a Christian stand point because no matter where you are God can work in you. Well I believe the message I got from it was that God is everywhere and loves us enough to make the moon and all the stars. One of the themes that I noticed was he was a hard worker and was a respectful person. But I noticed a difference in him after he got saved; he was happier and was looking for opportunities to share the gospel. Well a element that contributed to the theme has to be the vastness of space, because how can you go into space and not realize how magnificent God is if this is just what He made. The tone of the book seemed to be a very experience filled life. He did well in high school, joined the military, went into the air force, became a pilot, joined the space program, went to the moon, and became a revived Christian. Well while reading the book some elements that helped me identify the tone was the detail everything was described, (48) â€Å"Of course, you are constantly dodging rocks and craters. You hit a rock and you are literally airborne. You just bounce into space, float for a while, and then come down. † I think first of all the authors purpose, like I said before was to inform us of his adventure, and the tone just goes along with it. He seemed to be a well educated man with great imagination and ability to retain facts, individual moments and tell it back to you so that you felt like you were right there with them. (33) â€Å"I wish we had such things as drops in space, but without any up of down, water doesn’t drop out. It just makes a blob, and the blob just keeps on getting larger and larger. The vocabulary was not hard to understand; almost anyone could have read this book really. But at the same time it wasn’t to simple to were you thought the book was for a child, (127) â€Å"My new home was a rambling wooden building up on the hill that must have been the old officers quarters back during World War 2. † There really weren’t an y unusual qualities, except that the way that the book was written. It started out with his journey to the moon, then his childhood and worked its self back up. The book had much detail and really did a great job of catching my attention. Also I enjoyed reading this book because I thought I was on the moon. But it wasn’t just that that caught my attention at the end of the book was the best part to me, (200) â€Å"There were 5000 in the audience, with the floor and aisles packed absolutely to capacity. I had a terrible stomach ache, and I asked the Lord to give me the right words and to give me strength. He really answered my prayer. About a hundred people came forward, and I felt that we had enjoyed a great experience. † Well, I think that, if you mean James B Irwin when you say â€Å"subjects†, he accomplished a lot in his life. That his life is an example that you can go to the moon and god still not be done with you. (203) â€Å"I have a sort of clarifying sense of uncovering Gods plan for my new life on earth. God has permitted me to live on top of the mountains, and when I have been cast down, He has brought me back on the tops of the hills again. Being able to give my testimony before people without fear, to share my spiritual voyage and to ask them to accept Jesus Christ, has been a tremendous experience for me. † He seemed to emphasized in the end of his book the importance of his wife and there relationship with God. 205) â€Å"The whole experience in the Holy land was the most inspiring to way to turn the corner of the old year into a new year for High Flight. The experience moved us and gave us a chance to rededicate ourselves to each other as a family and to our mission. † Well since the book was a biography there were many environments, when he was in space, on the moon, coming back , all the press, his child hood, his marriage problems, sharing the gospel round the world. But, something I noticed was he was never prideful or self centered, (180) â€Å"Frankly I do not care for all the fame and publicity†¦. A historical detail was, (18) â€Å"We knew that if we cleared the tower we had reasonable chance of survival if something should go wrong. I watched all the systems I was responsible for on my side of the spacecraft. We cleared the tower. It was almost the happiest moment of my life to realize that after all those years it was now my turn. At last I was leaving the earth. † I think that it has a major effect on him, (43) â€Å"There was a excitement of exploring a place where man had never been before, but the most exciting thing, that really moved me and touched my soul, was that I could feel Gods presence there. Something that I learned from him was that his NASA training was hard and he almost dropped out, (180) â€Å"I had been so program med I was like a robot. I had to eat, drink, sleep, and dream my work- I had to be saturated†¦. When I told Mary that I might drop out of the program†¦ † I learned from him, when he didn’t drop out, I learned that you have to persevere threw hard times. I want to join the Navy and I know that its going to be hard but it was herd for him and his wife, but he didn’t drop out or give up. The only main incident that he brings up in the end of the book was his relationship with his wife. He talk about how much happier they are together and that God has really helped them grow together. (205) â€Å"Mary is a lot closer to me bow that she has been-we have both changed a great deal, and she is tremendously reinforcing me. † It reveals that when it comes down to it none of his experiences matter to him, just him, his wife and God. (211) â€Å"Mary, you know, is the greatest nurse I could ever ask for. And she took care of me the way she did ten years before, after the crash. It has been an ideal relationship since I got back†¦Ã¢â‚¬  After reading this book I would say that God is great because, James Irwin had grown up in a Christian home but, never truly followed Christ until he went to space. Afterward, you see a huge difference in his life, and a growth of sincerity with his wife. I learned that I shouldn’t let my achievements or pride get in the away of my walk with God. And I think that James Irwin does a great job of setting that example. I chose this book because I was curious to what it was like to go to space and how it would affect someone if they did. Plus I didn’t really know too much about the Apollo missions and what they did. Some ways that I relate to him is my stubbornness; he was stubborn to his physical welfare, and im stubborn about my points of views. He told the press in his book that he never was physically fatigued while on the moon, but I remember him saying that he was on EVA2. Another way I relate to him is that he loved to fly. James B. Irwin wrote that he was depressed when he had his first heat attack because he couldn’t fly. I liked this book and really enjoyed reading it. I wasn’t too excited at first about reading a biography. But, it turned out to be a great book. A couple of reasons I like â€Å"To Rule The Night† was because of the detail he used to describe going to space, and how the book was geared toured God and trusting Him. One of my favorite parts of the book was when he described the living conditions of living in a no gravity environment. I like it because it’s different and unique; it’s not something you would find in any book. I wouldn’t change anything in the book it is well written and has much detail. I think anyone that is interested in the experiences of few, and how a Christian is suppose to live for Christ, would like this biography of James B. Irwin.

Gravametric Quant Lab Report

Quantitative Analysis Gravimetric Determination of Iron as Fe2O3 Laboratory Experiment 2 February 19, 2013 Abstract: In the Gravimetric determination is the measurement of mass in two different forms precipitation and volatilization. In our experiment we will be using the precipitation form which isolates an ion in a solution by a precipitation reaction, filtering, purifying by wash method, conversion to product of known composition, and final weigh of the product comparing the mass difference of theorictal and actual. This method identified the weight percent of iron in an unknown sample.Three samples are taken to limit percent error. In the results of the three samples 1 had a percent of 10. 764 Fe (III), sample 2 had a percent of 11. 725 Fe (III), and sample 3 with a percent of 12. 216 Fe (III). The average sample percent was 11. 568 compared to given amount percent of 12. 90. In theory with a loss of 1. 332 this experiment was overall successful. Introduction: In this lab the pur pose was to use the gravimetric determination procedure to identify the weight percent of iron in an unknown sample. Three samples were collected and analyzed.Iron can be analyzed by precipitating the hydrated iron oxide from a basic solution. After the basic solution is hydrated the process is then followed by complete dehydration to give solid iron oxide. Methods and Materials: Needed in the experiment was; * Crucibles, Metal rings, Wire triangles, Burners, Funnels, Filter Paper, Beakers, Glass rod, Diluted ammonium hydroxide solution, Nitric acid solution, Silver nitrate solution, NH4NO3 solution, Distilled water. Below are some methods used in experiment. fig. 1 fig. 2 Experimental Procedure: This experiment was a multiple session lab.Obtain three crucibles and desiccator. Bring the three porcelain crucibles and caps to constant mass by heating to redness for 15 minutes over a burner, use fig. 1 for method reference. Place the heated crucibles in the desiccator to cool for appro ximately 30 minutes and weigh. This was left overnight and completed the second trial in the next session with successive weighing agreed within 0. 30mg. (Keep constant numbering with crucibles throughout experiment) We measured out 1. 5g of three samples of the unknown that was given to us. Each sample was dissolved in 10 mL of 3M HCl (with heating necessary). mL of 6 M HNO3 was obtained to filtrate, and boil for a few minutes to ensure that all iron is oxidized to Fe (III). The samples was diluted to 200mL with distilled water and add 3 M ammonia with constant stirring until the solution was basic (as determined with pH indicator paper). After solution becomes basic, digest the precipitate by boiling for 5 minutes and allow the precipitate to settle. We then decanted the supernatant liquid through coarse, ash less filter paper (Whatman 41 or Schleicher and Schuell Black Ribbon, as in fig. 2 -18 and 2 -19 in textbook. ). Keep liquid lower than 1 cm from the top of the funnel.Our pr ecipitate was first washed repeatedly with hot ammonium hydroxide solution, by miscommunication. Then washed with the corrected heated ammonium nitrate and left it to drain overnight until next session. We continued to wash supernatant until little or no Cl- is detected in filtered supernatant. Detect the Cl- by acidifying a few milliliters of filtrate with 1 mL of dilute HNO3 and adding a few drops of 0. 1 M AgNO3. If precipitate is observed, Cl- is present. After identifying that there was not any Cl- present we allowed the filter to drain overnight covered with ventilation.Carefully, the paper was lifted out of the funnel, folded (fig. 2), and transferred all dried substance to crucible and any substance that is not completely dry place into beaker and into the heater for half an hour. Those placed in beaker was then placed into the crucibles that were brought to constant mass. With the paper and substance in the crucible it was placed over a small flame with the lid off to start to char the filter paper. The flame temperature was then increased keeping the lid handy to smother the crucible of the paper flames.After the paper seems visibly charred ignite the product for full 15 minutes with full heat of the burner directed at the base of the crucible where oxidized iron is located. When the crucibles have briefly cooled in the air, we then placed them in the desiccator for 30 minutes. After the 30 minutes of cooling in the desiccator weigh the crucible and the lid, reignite, and bring to constant mass with the repeated heating within a mass of 0. 3 mg. We are now complete with the experiment. Calculate the weight percent of iron in each sample, the average, the standard deviation, and the relative standard deviation for your data.Results: Crucible 1: 0. 231 g Fe2O3 ? 1 mol Fe2O3159. 487g ? 2 mol FeOOH1 mol Fe2O3? 55. 845 g1 mol = 0. 162g Fe0. 162 g1. 505 g? 100=10. 764% Crucible 2: 0. 252 g Fe2O3 ? 1 mol Fe2O3159. 487g ? 2 mol FeOOH1 mol Fe2O3? 55. 845 g1 m ol = 0. 176g Fe0. 176 g1. 501 g? 100=11. 725% Crucible 3: 0. 268 g Fe2O3 ? 1 mol Fe2O3159. 487g ? 2 mol FeOOH1 mol Fe2O3? 55. 845 g1 mol = 0. 183g Fe0. 183 g1. 502 g? 100=12. 216% *Refer to appendix for sample mass table and calculation equations | Crucible 1| Crucible 2| Crucible 3| Weight percent| 10. 764 %| 11. 725 %| 12. 216%|Average| 0. 250 g| Standard Deviation| 0. 019| Relative Deviation| 0. 015| Discussion: Since the obtained and expected results are not 100 percent match we can conclude that during the experiment we encountered a loss of product, with an average percent of 11. 57 and an obtained of 12. 90 percent. In the experiment the precipitate was washed repeatedly with given solution to filter out any Cl- at this time we notice that some of the precipitate had gone through the filter through the sides from solution being held to high causing an overflow on the sides of the filter.This was notice by the orange tint in the beaker of the filtered solution. In the experime nt scales were also changed due to overuse. That could cause some flux in the measurement changes by small degree. Another error or issue during the experiment a lids on our crucible broke having to replace it caused a changed in our final weigh being that in the beginning we weighed our crucibles with the lid. Remaining constant in the lab is a must this does cut back on experimental error such as using the same analytical balances and labeling all equipment and crucibles.In the Gravimetric determination is the measurement of mass in two different forms precipitation and volatilization. Some of the underlying principles and theories of gravimetric analysis are law of mass action, reversible reactions, and principle of solubility product and common ion effect. Conclusion: The gravimetric determination procedure determined that we had an average of 11. 568% of Fe in our unknown solution, given the amount of 12. 90% of Fe. We experienced a loss of approximately 1. 332 %. This loss cou ld be included in instrumental and human errors.References: Lewis, D. 2013. Quantitative Analysis Lab Journal. Gravimetric Determination of Iron as Fe2O3. Vol. 1: Pages 4 – 5. Franklin, J. 2013. Quantitative Analysis Lab Journal. Gravimetric Determination of Iron as Fe2O3. Vol. 1: Pages 7 – 11. Bb Learn. 2013. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Gravimetric Determination of Iron Lab Handout. Harris, Daniel C. 8th edition. Quantitative Chemical Analysis Textbook. Appendix: Calculation equations: Mean : Mean = Sum of X values / N(Number of values) Standard Deviation: Relative Deviation: 100 ? sxCrucibles| Mass of the Beaker (empty) (g)| Mass of the Beaker & Unknown (g)| Mass of the Unknown Sample (g)| 1| 144. 181 g| 146. 686 g| 1. 505 g| 2| 159. 328 g| 160. 829 g| 1. 501 g| 3| 167. 480 g| 168. 982 g| 1. 502 g| * Above are the measurements of the unknown samples obtained Crucibles| Mass of Crucible (g)| Mass Crucible & final product (g)| Mass of final product (g)| 1| 31. 752 g| 31. 982 g| 0. 231 g| 2| 33. 820 g| 34. 072 g| 0. 252 g| 3| 40. 802 g| 40534 g| 0. 268 g| * Above are the measurements of Iron found in unknown sample

Aristotle Essay Research Paper AristotleAristotle was a

Aristotle Essay, Research Paper Aristotle Aristotle was a Grecian philosopher, pedagogue, and scientist. He was one of the greatest and most influential minds in Western civilization. He familiarized himself with the full development of Greek thought predating him. In his ain Hagiographas, Aristotle considered, summarized, criticized, and farther developed all the rational tradition that he had inherited from his instructor, Plato. Aristotle was the first philosopher to analyse the procedure whereby certain propositions can be logically inferred to be true from the fact that certain other propositions are true. He believed that this processor logical illation was based on a signifier of statement he called the syllogism. In a syllogism, a proposition is argued or logically inferred to be true from the fact that two other propositions are true. Aristotle besides believed in a # 8220 ; Philosophy of nature # 8221 ; . In this he believed the most dramatic facet of nature was alteration. He even defined the doctrine of nature in his book # 8220 ; Physics # 8221 ; , as the survey of things that change. Aristotle argued that to understand alteration, a differentiation must be made between the signifier and affair of a thing. He is even the adult male given recognition for the thought of â€Å"matter† and â€Å"form† . Aristotle # 8217 ; s doctrine of nature includes psychological science and biological science. In # 8220 ; On the Soul # 8221 ; , he investigated the assorted map of the psyche and the relationship between the psyche and the organic structure. Aristotle was the universe # 8217 ; s first great life scientist. He gathered huge sums of information about the assortment, construction, and behaviour of animate beings and workss. Aristotle died in 400 BC go forthing many great plants and thoughts behind him. From about 500 Ad to 1100 AD cognition of Aristotle # 8217 ; s doctrine was about wholly lost in the West. During this period, it was preserved by Arabic and Syrian bookmans who reintroduced it to the Christian civilization of Western Europe in the 1100 # 8217 ; s and 1200 # 8217 ; s. Aristotle enjoyed enormous prestigiousness during this clip. To some of the taking Christian and Arabic bookmans of the Middle Ages, Aristotle writings seemed to incorporate the sum sum of human cognition. Aristotle # 8217 ; s authorization has declined since the Middle Ages, but many philosophers of the modern period owe much to him. The extent of Aristotle # 8217 ; s influence is hard to judge, because many of his thoughts have been absorbed into the linguistic communication of scientific discipline and doctrine.

What factors enable or prevent people from making healthy food choices Essay

What factors enable or prevent people from making healthy food choices - Essay Example Moreover, we would focus our attention on the most vulnerable group subjected to this risk. It is an ethnic minority group living in America and UK. On the basis of researches in the field of obesity around the world and behavioral risk factors among ethnic minority group, we would discuss social and psychological factors influencing on representatives of ethnic minorities making unhealthy food choices. Business infrastructure of UK and America offers numerous restaurants and fast foods for the American nation. A conspicuous consumption of junk food is the first reason for obesity. Why do Americans make such kind of choice and damage themselves? Of course, availability and affordability of fast foods is the first reason for a choice of unhealthy food. Especially this claim is relevant to ethnic minorities, which mainly consist of people with low income, a low level of education about healthy foods and restricted possibilities of physical activities (Powell, 2004). Moreover, people wi th low income work hard and have little time to cook a healthy food. It is more convenient for them to buy cheap and tasty hamburgers and be fed up. Unfortunately, the abundance of calories in this type of food influences on the abundant weight of people. Moreover, it can cause blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases and other illnesses. More than half of American population would soon become obese and 10 percent of UK children are obese currently (Baggott, 2004). Therefore, not only people with low income eat junk food. People who have money often find it more convenient to eat on foot, because they do not have enough time to take care of themselves. Nevertheless, unlike poor people, they are able to visit good restaurants and thus they have more possibilities to eat healthy and tasty food. The rest of people are subjected to external influence of their closest environment. In case a family prefers junk food it is rather hard to have an ability to eat healthy food. As we have alrea dy noted, healthy food has a higher price and it takes time to boil vegetables or to cook them in the oven. Moreover, it is on behalf of an individual to decide whether he would consume healthy food or not. Behavioral factors play a great role at this point. Thus, it depends on an individual’s ability to resist to external pressure in case he is suggested to eat some unhealthy food. If he was brought up as a strong-willed person then he would resist eating unhealthy food for sure. At this point the supposition that social or economic status of a person is prevalent in his choice making of whether to consume unhealthy food or not can be questioned. Nevertheless, statistical data obtained from Department of Health and Human service (2000) shows that individual is being gradually destructed when he is starting to make a choice of unhealthy food (Powell, 2004). He becomes indifferent to his appearance and is becoming an obese person, who then starts avoiding social communication with people around him. Therefore, an individuality of an obese person suffers from his/her inability to take control over his/her gustatory pleasures. Very often such kind of people is emotionally unstable and starts eating huge amounts of unhealthy food in the result of a personal stress, failures or other reasons. The governmental measure taking should be

Topic 4-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Topic 4-1 - Essay Example The student may interest in a given career such as teaching but depicting behaviors that are not appropriate for the teaching career. For example, the student may introvert and has low motivation to research. The student may also like doing things in isolation than group (Brown & Lent, 2013). When attending to such a student, a counselor applying the Social Cognitive Theory may train the student to develop extrovert behavior to enable open interaction with others. The counselor may also encourage and admit the student in tasks that require group participation so that the latter can develop skills and behaviors that support open socialization and corporation. The counselor may also urge the student to identify the best teacher and note the characters that make them perform to attract admiration. The counselor should then train and encourage the student to emulate and practice the behaviors of the role-model teacher (Brown & Lent, 2013). The choice of the Social Cognitive Theory relates to it ease to assist in effective counseling of career related problems. Focus on social interactions and environmental influences on human behavior provide immediate elements to check when attending a client. It is easier to analyze and influence behaviors of a client by studying the social and environmental forces that influence

Medical Admission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical Admission - Essay Example I was feeling very embarrassed because it took me the longest to scrub into surgery, so I decided that I needed to leave the surgery first to get a head start preparing for the next surgery. In addition, I wanted to grab a cup of coffee to help wake me up. I was still wearing the surgical hat and smock as I passed through the double doors of the entrance of the surgical wing. While I was passing through the doors, an older man approached me and asked if Catalina was okay. He had the look of worry and fear in his eyes. I did not know what to say because I was not a doctor. Before I could say anything, the rest of his family members, who were sitting on the chairs lining the hallway, got up and approached me. All of them with the same look of fear and concern asked me questions about Catalina. I was not sure if I should say anything, but I felt the need to say something to comfort them during what must have been the longest hour of their lives. I told them the operation went well and C atalina was going to be just fine. Their eyes and faces immediately became full of joy and happiness. They hugged me, thanked me, and the mother and grandmother even kissed me. That moment motivated me to become a physician. I had never felt anything like that before. It was at that moment when I made the final decision to serve the mankind by becoming a doctor. A month before traveling to South America to shadow my uncle for the summer, I had been volunteering at a hospital next to campus for about a year.  

Personal assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Personal assessment - Essay Example Though he sometimes fails to identify a problem, he has always more than 1 solution for it. He goes step by step when faced with a problem. When faced with a complex or a difficult problem that does not have an easy solution When trying to foster more creativity and innovation among those with whom he works, he is very supportive and appreciates ideas coming out of people. He knows how to motivate people to get the best out of them. Therefore I agree with his abilities in this respect. In a situation where it is important to obtain more power , my colleague keeps himself involved in events and activities. He tries to improve himself and tries to think out of the box in order in order to generate creative ideas. He refuses to come under anyone’s influence and does not agree to other people’s terms. When someone needs to be motivated, he does not believe in rewarding people, though he is always there to help them out. He takes charge of the situation when productivity is insufficient. He does compliment those who deserve it. When he sees someone doing something that needs correcting, he is not one of those who sit back after giving their views. He is always encouraging people to challenge his perspective and ask him questions. I slightly disagree with the fact that he cannot take the criticism into account in situations when someone complains about something he has done. In fact, he asks the other person to adjust his behavior. With respect to situation in which he desires to make my team perform well, regardless of whether he is a leader or member, I disagree slightly with his competence in doing so. He does not encourage his team enough to make some serious innovation and achieve the best possible results. With regard to his ability to lead change, I disagree with his abilities, because when he is leading change he does not keep any track of things that go wrong. It would be a lot better if he was more

Financial Management and Risk Analysis Assignment

Financial Management and Risk Analysis - Assignment Example The new automated assembly line will be requiring the purchase of five new robots, each costing $32,000 and associated gripping devices costing a total of 65,000. Roller tracking and new assembly fixtures will also be needed adding up to a cost of 15,000. The new assembly cells will be manned by three cell programmers/operators who will be paid 20,000 each. The finance department estimates that installing the automated system will generate an annual cost savings of 5,000 due to the reduction in reduction in scrap and rework. After five years, the robots can be sold each with market value of 1000. This report will analyse the possibility of investment in the new assembly line by utilizing financial management tools. The first section will look at the annual expected cash inflows and outflows. The next will be an analysis of the investment through the use of capital budgeting tools like payback period, return on investment, net present value, discounted payback period, internal rate of return, and sensitivity analysis. Recognizing that numbers don't tell all, this report also goes beyond quantitative analysis by also looking at the quantitative issues which should be considered by the firm. Table 1 shows the expected annual cash flow that our business organization hopes to incur in the installation of the automated assembly line. ... The first to fourth years are forecasted to generate cash inflows of 93,000 annually which reflects the cost savings from rework and scrap and the elimination of the cost incurred in hiring fitters offsetting the salaries of the computer technician. During the fifth year, the company will be incurring the same costs and benefits together with the expected salvage value of the robots. Table 1. Forecasted Cash Flow III. Payback Period The payback method is one of the most popular tools in conducting capital budgeting decision. The payback period tells the company the length of time required to recoup the original investment through investment cash flows. This is essentially the time when the company breaks even-the initial capital outlay is equal to the cash flows. Considering that the business organization invests in a project which generates the same level of cash flow annually, the payback period is computed as the follows: Payback = Initial Investment Annual Cash Flow (equation 1) However, if the investment generates unequal annual cash flows, then the individual annual cash flows are subtracted from the initial investment until a difference of zero is reached (Lightfoot 2003). The year when cash flow equals investment is the payback period. Other things being equal, the investment with a low payback period is chosen as it implies less risk for the company. Table 2. Payback Period Table 2 shows how the pay back period for the proposed automated assembly line. As the investment yields unequal cash flow for the five-year period, this report simply subtracted the yearly cash inflow to the total amount of the investment. The cash outlay for

Foundational Paradigm for Ministry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Foundational Paradigm for Ministry - Essay Example hed values, the operative functions of the Church, the priorities to be undertaken by the Church, its direction along with the specific duties which must be performed by the bishop, and also the critical foundations which would help differentiate true essence of Christianity from the false version. This implies that various sources must be analyzed to converge the paradigm which must reflect true teachings of Christ. An analysis of the aforementioned perspectives will lead to an emergence of a foundational paradigm for the ministry which may be useful to understand the religious values in context, also it would help in the identification of one`s own personal afflictions towards religion. In order to understand the Church, the purpose for which the ministry of Church has been established would have to be discussed in detail. Various scriptures and analysis of the holy Bible suggest that the people of God are those who are alive merely for spiritual wellbeing, those who believe in the royal priesthood, people of God and those who serve others. These references imply that there is more to life for people of God than they can ever imagine, i.e. they must be indulged in building the spiritual tower, they must offer their spiritual rituals and sacrifices for worship (Branick 2009). Furthermore, an analysis of the Pastoral Letters suggest that people of God must abstain from the lust and darkness of the world, and ensure that their way of life is in compliance with the testimony of excellence offered by the religion. In addition, these letters draw attention towards what the true nature of the Church must be as opposed to a version which has been polluted. Furthermore, the foundations of the Church may be identified by virtue of Timothy and Titus which stress on the doctrines of humility, righteousness and hospitality on part of those running the institution (Manning 1871). Therefore, the people of God may thus be referred to as God`s Children, where those undertaking

Print vs. Digital Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Print vs. Digital Media - Research Paper Example During that time, there were fewer publishing firms and most of the times, a lot of works ended up not being published. As a result they still remain unnoticed to this date. Through the ages, the significance of print media has slightly reduced; however, its importance still remains the same as back in the ancient times. The popularity of certain print journals and/ or books in the past such as the â€Å"Excursion to Scotland, 1832† clearly shows that despite digital media being the most preferred form of media in the 21st century, print media still has its sound roots in 21st century media culture. The journal was written in a bid to recount an excursion that started out in London to Scotland and back again in 1832. To date the author of the journal is anonymous probably because there was no proper channels of recording print information as well its storage. Despite that, this journal is currently preserved in the Internet archive as one of the most indulging novels of the 18 th century. Another form of ancient print media was the book â€Å"The Book Hunter in Paris† by Octave Uzanne. It was written just a year after the â€Å"Excursion to Scotland, 1832†. Due to its significance, the book is currently preserved as a digital copy to ensure that it will still be available in a number of years to come. The 20th century saw the optimal boom in the use of digital forms of mass media such as the Internet media as well as broadcast internet media. A good example of internet media is the use of online travel blogs which can be accessed by anybody anywhere in the world. Literature review According to Chitra and Neelamalar (2013), print media can be termed as the â€Å"mother† of communication due to the fact... This essay approves that the digital media with its immense advantages has overtaken the utilities of print media in this present day context. It has been viewed that in Europe, people reading newspaper is very less in comparison with the one using the internet. The digital media is more interactive and effective as compared to print media. If an example is to be taken into concern in this regard, then it can be stated that the promotional campaign of a certain product of a specific company carried with the assistance of digitalized media helps to communicate directly with the customers and solve their problems on spot. However, print media does not promote such facility. In a general sense, one of the differences between print media and digital media can be represented as that print media contains writing on the bound books paper and digital media comprise writing on computer screen. This report makes a conlusion that the above study was conducted with an intention to attain knowledge of print media and digital media in the context of mass communication. The print media is the foundation of printing technique in the world, which later developed to digitalized form. The digital media came into popularity when there was a greater need of printing in bulk quantities and within the stipulated time period. Both the forms of media have contributed a lot to mass communication. In this case, it can be affirmed that none of the aspects i.e. print media and digital media cannot be replaced as such books in the form of print media cannot be substituted by the television or neither the internet access as digital media can be replaced by reading newspaper.

Understanding Attitudes and Behavior Essay Example for Free

Understanding Attitudes and Behavior Essay The results support three out of the four hypotheses. The subscales knowledge, affect, intended behaviour and actual behaviour have a significant correlation, that is a change in one generates changes in another. Finding that knowledge is significant could be because the participants are University students and are likely to have a greater depth of general knowledge that the norm. On the other hand having a low knowledge score could be irrelevant to the actual behaviour. This is the conclusion of Maloney et als` study. Another consideration is maybe the hypothesis is wrong; knowledge could be significant in the ecological behaviour of an individual. Maloney et al did not find a correlation but Yule and Knussen (1998) did although to a lesser degree than the other subscales. It might be that it is not the specific knowledge across the spectrum of ecological issues that prompts to action. The items used may have had no relevance in the pro environmental attitude of the participant. Breadth of knowledge may lack significance however having a general, superficial knowledge of the subject or a deep knowledge of a specific area might correlate. In psychology it is generally regarded that knowledge of a subject has no significance with actual behaviour however it is unlikely that one would act to preserve the environment without some knowledge however unclear to prompt to action, especially in areas where recycling involves more effort than separating the items and putting them out for collection. Although there may be a smaller correlation with the other subscales it could be that knowledge is indeed significant but results may be forthcoming only when the inventory tackles the areas the pro-environmentalist is interested in and has a greater knowledge, e.g. a person may decide to recycle because they wish to conserve earths natural resources whereas another may do so because pollution kills. Both may recycle but for different reasons and their knowledge could be in-depth in separate but related areas. Possible behaviour needs a certain amount of knowledge to motivate but knowledge in itself does not necessarily activate behaviour. Ajzen and Fishbein concluded, from their studies, that traditional methods of attitude measurements were flawed but possibly modern attitude and behaviour measurements are also flawed. Perhaps when building the items to be used for the attitude measurement there would be a need to fit the items to particular social groups e. g. lower working class or long term unemployed may not buy environmentally friendly products as they are too expensive for a limited budget. Perhaps their contribution to recycling goes as far as reusing supermarket carriers as nappy sacks, using empty jars for home made jam, buying second hand goods, or using food scraps for humus in the garden but it is still recycling and is not included in CALECOL. Likewise a person with limited finances may have no way to get any items to a recycling point as a lot of local councils do not have collection days for recyclable goods. Their actual behaviour score would be reduced as a result of this biased slant to those that are financially able to buy environmentally friendly products. In the CALECOL Inventory (see appendix ii) there are a few items that may be irrelevant to certain areas of the population and as a result give a distorted score. For example actual behaviour subscale item 4 and intended behaviour item 9 12 mentions politics and environmental issues. Some religions actually prohibit voting for political parties and this item would affect the scoring. Transport difficulties mean taking items to be recycled is not possible for a lot of people(Item 9, actual behaviour. This Inventory is also biased towards the able bodied. Some environmentalists are disabled and unable to get out to clean up, use public transport, deliver leaflets or take items to a recycling point. This highlights the problems with measuring attitudes using inventories. The items used cannot be measured on everyone and therefore gives an unrealistic evaluation of their attitudes and the relationship to their behaviour. Age may affect the scores as most young people live at home and their actual behaviour may largely be under the control of their parents. So they may have the knowledge, strength of feeling and intention to be ecological but lack the means e. g. they will not usually decide which products to buy for the home or whether to recycle items. Age may also be a significant factor in revealing a correlation between the subscales. It would be interesting to find out if say the 18 24 age group subscales scores are significantly lower than the 36 44 age group. The evidence from this small study was that it might be as it was mostly the older members of the class that had the highest scores. This could be because as one ages one might ponder on the consequences of ones actions more. Pollution could be directly affecting their children and parents might want to make a contribution to their offsprings future environment. Another area that could be investigated is location. Do rural areas recycle more than towns or cities? What role does local social norms play in recycling behaviour? Measurement scales could be tailored to suit a particular class of individual, whether grouped by area, social class, disabled etc, to gain a more realistic measurement of their attitude. As attitudes are hypothetical constructs, theories and investigations will continue to be made. Through time, no doubt, measurement scales will grow more sophisticated in their search to accurately measure attitude components and their links with actual behaviour but without tailoring it is unlikely that all the items in an attitude inventory will apply to all participants in equal measure. REFERENCES Ajzen, I. , Fishbein, M. (1982). Understanding Attitudes and Behavior, Theoretical Implications. In J. C. Brigham, L. S. Wrightsman (ED. ), Contemporary Issues in Psychology (4th ED), pp127 137. Monterey, California, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Aijzen, I. , Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cited in Zimbargo and Leippe, (1991). The Psychology of Attitude and Social Influence. United States of America, McGraw Hill Maloney, M. P. , Ward, M. O. Braucht, C. N. (1975). A revised scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 30, 787-790

Organizational Behavior Concepts Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior Concepts Essay Every organization has its own unique behaviors, attributes, traits and values that define the organization’s methodology of forming amicable relationships by accomplishing human, social and organizational goals. Organizational studies are the research and application of human behavior within an organization as individuals and as a member of a team. Some of the basic organizational concepts are motivation, group behavior, decision making, corporate culture, structure, power and politics, communication, human resources practices and change management. These organizational concepts have to be studied in order to judge the failure or the success of an organization; especially, how well these concepts are dealt with by the employees or management. Motivation is the driving force of the organization towards its goals; group behavior refers to the team work within the organization and the relationship of employees with one another; decision making is the selection of an option from various alternatives using cognitive abilities; corporate culture is the reflection of the organization’s core values, missions, goals, traditions and beliefs based on which the organizational practices take place; structure is the basis for the organization’s operational activities, that is, the organization’s arrangement and formation or even hierarchies; power and politics refer to the authority, external control and influence; communication is extent to which the ideas are shared within an organization; human resources practices refers to the structure, tasks, importance and rights of the employees of the organization; and change management refers to the extent to which the organization is molding itself for success in accorda nce with the external stimuli. The Walt Disney Company was founded in 1923 by Walt and Roy Disney. Since then, Walt Disney Company along with its affiliated companies have been faithfully serving their fans by producing unique and remarkable entertainment with quality and creativity oozing from its content and exceptional stories. The Walt Disney Company is the biggest international media enterprise with four divisions; media networks, parks and resorts, studio entertainment and consumer products. Examples of these divisions include, Hanna Montana, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Mickey Mouse, Disneyland Park, Disney Line Cruise, Interactive Studios, www. disneyshopping. com, Disney Channel and ABC entertainment. Almost every organization has one uniform behavior that needs to be implemented for the foundation building of the organization – corporate culture. Corporate culture is a set of core values, beliefs, traditions, operational styles, work ethics, employee behavior and basic business principles on which the business is based. All the activities and procedures taking place in the organizations are a reflection of the organization’s corporate culture (Moir, 2008). Only if an employee is able to adapt to the corporate culture can he work in accordance to the requirements of the organization; in fact, the corporate culture is a guideline for them. There are two types of cultures – adaptive and unadaptive. Adaptive cultures are suitable for ever-changing environments where strategies and structures might be needed to change due to changing external stimuli such as markets, legal-political, international pressures, economical conditions, social fulfillments or simply customers, competitors and suppliers (Fuentes-Garcia et al. , 2008). Adaptive cultures are further divided into visible and invisible cultures. Some parts of the culture are visible, such as slogans, symbols, artifacts, dress, and office layout and even ceremonies – things that an outsider can observe and use for judging the organization’s culture. The other division is the invisible culture which includes the beliefs and values that are embedded within the system and employees’ heads; this part of the culture helps them take decisions based on the organization’s culture. On the other hand, unadaptive cultures are ones in which change is rarely brought about and also with great difficulty due to the rigidity of the organization’s practices and traditions. This unadaptive culture is usually an unhealthy one which is further divided into cultures that are hierarchy and politics based, that show resistance to change, those that do not like opening up to the external environment and are inwardly attentive, and lastly are unethical and driven by illegal factors such as greed. Such culturally structured businesses usually do not have a high quality performance and do not facilitate strategy execution. However, even if the culture is adaptive, once an organization’s corporate culture is established, it is difficult to bring about changes in it. This is because everything in the organization is developed and designed in accordance with the culture; bringing a major change in every petty thing is a very costly act. Corporate culture and strategy come together as a ‘culture-strategy fit’ – the tighter this bond is, the more the culture helps in designing the strategy execution by directing and leading the behavior and practices of the employee into the success direction. Therefore, multinational corporations should formulate a culture that fits within all countries so that its strategy execution is possible all around the globe (World News Connection, 2008). Like every other organization, Disney also uses its corporate culture to formulate strategies. The core values of Disney are quality, innovation, decency, and employee justice. Since the day the company started operating, it has focused excellence, class, value, and worthy production. All the stories, animations and entertainment resorts etc by The Walt Disney Company are of eminence and unparalleled. Innovation is the most important characteristic of this company; no customer or viewer is interested in watching things that have been shown earlier on television – they demand for something new and unique every time. This need is fulfilled by Disney at all costs, as it is one of their competitive advantages – creativity! This pool of new ideas every time is the reason for the success of the company and the reason for its growth by the day. Disney also focuses on ‘family’ entertainment; thus, it tries to ensure decency so that people of all ages can enjoy a certain clipping together. In a corporate environment when there are hierarchies involved, employees at a higher level tend to use their authority on those under their control. This tends to irritate employees and reduce their job satisfaction which directly affects their productivity and commitment to the company. Therefore, The Walt Disney Company makes it a point to give equal treatment to all employees; in fact, give them importance as they would to a guest. This helps to build cordial relations among the employees and management, causing the sharing of ideas to take place. It creates a comfort level causing the employees to enjoy participation. Naturally, this involvement increases their loyalty to their company and shoots their productivity. Cultural diversity is also a major constituent of Disney’s culture – this is evident even in their products. There is not just Disney World and Disneyland anymore, there is Tokyo Disneyland Resort and Hong Kong Disney Land – people from various cultures and nationalities can enjoy the magic of Disney closer to their homes. Motivation is normally defined as a force that drives a person towards a goal. In the world of business, motivation is to drive the employee towards enhanced productivity by exploiting the abilities to the maximum potential, by improving the job performance. It becomes self-explanatory that it is the job of the manager to monitor and control the human resource available by motivating the employee and instilling in them a positive attitude towards the tasks assigned to them. This helps in accomplishing the tasks that would not be fulfilled otherwise (Nohria et al. , 2008). Therefore, it is crucial for a manager to understand different theories and various techniques of motivation. Motivation is a state of mind – different people get motivated by various different things. However, there are certain fixed factors that motivate a person by nature. These factors include money, prosperity, popularity, success, higher knowledge and happiness (Campbell, 2002). A successful manager would target employees in groups depending upon the factor that influences them. Also, a person should try to self-evaluate oneself in order to learn what influences them or what drives them towards their maximum potential. For example, an extremely poor clerk with a big family to provide for is well aware of the fact that a greater wage would motivate him towards doing whatever is expected of him. When provided with incentives, the behaviour or attitude of the employee towards the task changes and he becomes more involved and devoted to it. In order to receive the reward that is set for him, he tends to give top priority to the work assigned and finish is as soon as possible. Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (1943) from a business point of view portrays physiological needs (salary, ambience), safety needs (pensions, insurance, medical care), belongingness needs (social gatherings, relationship with co-workers), self-esteem (job title, post, authority) and self-actualization (opportunities to display skills, development opportunities) ranking from one (most important) to five (least important) respectively. The Walt Disney Company has a clear knowledge of all this incentives and motivational tactics; thus, it chose to give importance to its employees as a boost to their confidence. The rise in self-respect and prestige that they received by requesting for their ideas to be shared for the betterment of the company motivated them to work. However, there was a time earlier on when there were rigid hierarchies at Disney. But now, the company has a culture of teamwork – they believe that every employee is capable enough to give his or her suggestion for the company. Their structure reduced rigid hierarchies and an authoritarian style of management. In fact, people maintained friendly relations and held an open forum for discussion of various issues. Even Disney believes in giving small rewards to its workers to give them an incentive to work harder for success. Disney even has sessions and seminars for instilling the corporate culture into the employees and motivating them to raise productivity bars. At the Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, out of the 180 recognition awards, one is called the Fred Award; it was named after an employee but also is an acronym for friendly, resourceful, enthusiastic and dependable. Other awards generating from this Fred award are Spirit of Fred Award and even The Lifetime Fred Award, which is a bronze statuette of Mickey Mouse (Disney Magic, 2008). This, along with other extremely coveted awards, is a driving force or incentive for the employees to work more proficiently so that they can receive this award. The world is progressing in every aspect of life. There is intense development and urbanization taking place. Day after day, as population increases, demand for goods and services also increases; this creates a need for more companies and more employment. Almost everyday we hear names of new companies who have recently joined the market competition. As more and more companies are emerging, there is naturally a greater supply of similar goods in the market; some of these goods are better than the other which increases the standard of competition. Competition is not only restricted to your local market; with increasing globalization, the entire international forum is becoming your playing field. Competition is becoming so intense by the minute that no company can afford to slack off for even a day; every company needs to be operating at its maximum level to make its place into the market. The secret to a successful organization is its management – if there is a smooth managerial supervision with each department working efficiently and effectively, the company is guaranteed to succeed. Even if a company has the best of employees and human resource available, unless and until everything is well-structured and well organized, the company cannot reach successful heights. As the world around us advances, we need to keep in pace with them and cope up. At times to bring about a positive change in an organization, there is a need for restructuring, switching to more innovative methods of production, technological advancement and even use of research and development. This organizational behavior concept is called ‘change management’ – it is the shift of organizations, teams, or even individuals from the existing stage to a preferred stage in the future (Burge, 2008). Disney started off with marvelous creative ideas and kept working with them. They earned a big share of the TV audience and earned great revenue; for this reason, they were extremely satisfied with what they were doing. However, due to a shift in the environment, suppliers, customers and competitors, the strategic context of Disney had changed a bit. This alteration of the strategic context was not working out; there was a 13% decline of the ABC network ratings among 18-49 years aged people. This was the time when it was obvious that the company had stopped growing – children of age 9-10 were not interested in Disney characters that came from history or myths and had shifted to contemporary cartoon characters made by Nickelodeon. There was structural and cultural, both, resistance to change at Disney and there was a severe need to eradicate this. Disney depended on its old way due to the extreme interdependence of the organization’s structures, schemes and procedures. Disney had a very smooth corporate culture which is also mentioned earlier; this same culture led to great success. But at the same time, it brings a halt to the improvement; that is, organizations become content and do not strive for more. According to Fortune, 1999, this resistance to change caused great difficulty for Disney. However, Disney has currently regained its success by working on change and a more flexible culture and structure – realizing where they went wrong, what the customers want, and then bringing that change in the organization accordingly. Each organization might have one or two important behaviors, but usually practice all of the above mentioned organizational behavior concepts. The driving force for the employees at Disney is respect, prestige and accolades; corporate culture includes quality, innovation, decency, and justice with employees; lastly, on realizing that sales and market share were falling, change management was adopted. Therefore, it is easy to conclude that although like every other organization, even Disney follows all these organizational behavior concepts, but motivation, change management and corporate culture have been mostly evidently seen since the past. It is very important for us to study these organizational behavior concepts in-depth as they help us in understanding the needs of the people and the organization itself.

International Challenges for Ubers Expansion

International Challenges for Ubers Expansion Uber’s future depends on international growth, but currently they are experiencing international challenges within their non-U.S. markets. I will introduce their brief history, explain their current challenges, international expansion plans, their strategy plans, and a few insights on how they can achieve greater success in international markets. Predominantly, Uber has brutally underestimated the challenges of operating in countries that embody totally different economic, political, and cultural environments. Their definitive goal is to become one of the only international ride-hailing company, however they didn’t realize all the major setbacks they would come across internationally. Quick Uber History Uber headquarters is â€Å"located in San Francisco, California and operates in 632 other cities worldwide† (Uber Technologies Inc., 2017). In conjunction, â€Å"Uber has expanded to more than 80 countries since its June 2010 initial launch in San Francisco, California† (Hyder, 2014).   Uber was â€Å"founded March of 2009 by Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp† (Uber Technologies Inc., 2017).   Uber Technologies, Inc. â€Å"provides e-commerce services for car hire and the company offers a website which develops applications that allow users to request a car for hire from any mobile device text message while serving customers worldwide† (Bloomberg, 2017). Moreover, the company was originally an idea that Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp originated, while encountering some trouble attaining a cab. Their idea was to simply invent something that with the tap of a button you could get a cab/ride and not have to struggle like they did. Stated on the Uber website, â€Å"What started as an app to request premium black cars in a few metropolitan areas is now changing the logistical fabric of cities around the world. Whether it’s a ride, a sandwich, or a package, we use technology to give people what they want, when they want it† (Uber Technologies Inc., 2017). Uber not only provides rides to their customers, but they also provide men and women a way to earn money by letting them use their own vehicle to give their clienteles rides. Also, noted on the Uber website, â€Å"for the women and men who drive with Uber, our app represents a flexible new way to earn money. For cities, we help strengthen local economies, improve access to transportation as reliable as running water, everyone benefits† (Uber Technologies Inc., 2017). Current Challenges Uber was the first major ride-hailing company with mobile on-demand transportation. As competition started to intensify, Uber strategized on how to remain number one in this market area. They realized in recognition of the risk posed by these followers into the market, they needed to rapidly and aggressively grow both domestically and internationally. However, along the way â€Å"Uber’s expansion was met with both excitement and major blocks resulting from lawsuits, technological limitations, and government regulation† (Hyder, 2014). Ubers expensive push into china ended abruptly in 2016, when its domestic rival Didi Chuxing announced it had acquired Uber China and more recently Uber merged with Yandex, marking its exit from another major international market, Russia. Governments, drivers, and passengers launched a seemingly endless stream of lawsuits and taxi firms organized protests in Europe and South America as they recognized their business were under threat. Ubers legal and ethical conduct was put under further scrutiny when their drivers argued that they were being exploited as part of the sharing economy. Additionally, I will list some initial challenges Uber faced within these following countries. As mentioned in Recode article written by Johana Bhuiyan, â€Å"in Russia, it was a fierce opponent willing to play the subsidy game that drove the company out, while it was regulatory issues that has stymied it in Europe† (Bhuiyan, 2017). Also, in Denmark, where â€Å"Uber announced it was leaving in March, it was new regulations that required it to act more like a taxi company, requiring that drivers install things like meters in their cars. The company said it plans to revive its operation in Denmark when laws change† (Bhuiyan, 2017). Following in Spain, â€Å"the company had been previously banned in cities across the country, Uber has continued to face protests from taxi drivers in these cities† (Bhuiyan, 2017). France currently had legal disagreements with Uber regarding they should be treated as a taxi service hence controlled like one too which then charged Uber for being an illegal taxi service (Bhuiyan, 2017). In many more places like, Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand they have all charged Uber penalties for operating on their land illegally. In regard to India and China, â€Å"they are similar markets in terms of both size and the cost of undercutting prices to maintain or grow demand. Expansion within the region on its own would require significant capital† (Bhuiyan, 2017). These are just a few of the many different challenges Uber has been faced with since branching out internationally. International Expansion and Strategy Plans Astonishingly, in less than eight years Uber has accomplished expansion in more than 450+ markets all over the world and is continuously growing. As stated in an article, â€Å"expanding internationally has involved a series of changes to the mobile application and business model in order to localize it to the market and culture. Uber has had to make changes to accommodate different languages, currencies, and distance measures (e.g. miles vs. kilometers)† (Hyder, 2014). As cited by Hyder she mentioned, â€Å"Travis Kalanick wrote about Uber’s international expansion in a blog posting: as we started expanding, it became clear that individual cities were the unique factor in our launches. Each city is unique in its transportation pain points, its density, its transportation alternatives, regulation, even its transportation culture† (2014). Moreover, Uber first tried implementing what worked in the U.S. and applied some of those techniques to respective countries however, they were one of the companies that learned the hard way, realizing that what may have worked in the U.S. wouldn’t work elsewhere. Stated in an article written by Suhas Manangi, â€Å"the young tech company has committed a classic globalization mistake: it naively assumed that its business model and market approach, which ultimately solidified its market-leading position in the U.S., could translate just as seamlessly to other countries. It severely underestimated the challenges of operating in countries that embody totally different economic, political, and cultural environments† (2017). What Uber predominantly saw was the common transportation problem within many countries that required a solution. As specified in an article, â€Å"localization is a key ingredient of Uber’s Asia Pacific (APAC) marketing strategy as it battles to stay ahead of regional competition. However, localization goes beyond services which might include cash payments for some emerging markets where credit cards are not feasible, or in China, where Uber has partnered with Alibaba’s Ali-pay system – the preferred payment method of Chinese consumers† (Manangi, 2017). Correspondingly, this article mentions â€Å"Uber calls its globalization strategy â€Å"launch playbook,† a list of business strategies and operating guidelines that have been complied by an internal team of about forty employees. At the same time, Uber is smart to have flexibility in different markets that local Uber leaders can adapt and not have the same features everywhere† (Manangi, 2017). Examples of this include, UberCHOPPER in Shanghai, UberBOATS in Istanbul, and UberAUTO in New Delhi, India. Recommendations for Greater Success Internationally Following the six quick rules of thumb for doing business across cultures is a strategy Uber should incorporate. They need to be prepared, be considerate of time, establish trust, understand the importance of language, respect the culture, and understand components of the culture they are in.   As stated by Ball and Geringer, â€Å"knowing your customer is just as important in the world as it is in your hometown. Each culture has its logic, and within that logic are real, sensible reasons for the way they do things† (2013). Uber needs a â€Å"businessperson who can figure out the basic pattern of the culture which in turn will be increasingly effective interacting with foreign clients† (Ball & Geringer, 2013). Furthermore, for greater success internationally, Uber should be more careful in looking at its practice and policies therefore, considering if they are appropriate to incorporate in each specific country. China, India, and Europe differ in many ways from their home country, Uber will have greater success if they ask for permission to operate in specific countries instead of just intruding and then consequently finding out they were doing business illegally. Doing so will then convey respect to those countries regulations and organizations. As mentioned previously, aggressive entry tactics should be eliminated and instead Uber should initially invest time building solid relationships with the various unions within the country. Another tactic Uber should integrate is preparation and planning. Uber generally did not produce a plan before going international they just learned and adapted as they went resulting in cost inefficiency. Which, reverts back to the six quick rules of thumb, rule number one, being prepared is key. In order to help Uber with better preparation with planning, they should follow the global strategic planning process as referenced by Ball and Geringer, â€Å"global strategic planning provides a formal structure in which managers (1) analyze the company’s external environment, (2) analyze the company’s internal environment, (3) define the company’s business and mission, (4) set corporate objectives, (5) quantify goals, (6) formulate strategies, and (7) make tactical plans† (2013). Lastly, instead of withdrawing from the countries that already have a big advantage over Uber, because of their already existing taxi companies within the local country, they should instead try partnering with its local rivals. Simply because trying to do everything on their own is a strategically challenging, hence the reason why they have backed out of multiple countries. Conclusion To conclude, Uber has had to overcome many challenging obstacles along the way of becoming an international business. Failing to plan, failure to fit local market objectives, and learning from their mistakes are all topics resulting from expanding internationally. Uber needs to respectively appreciate and keep in mind while operating in different countries, their different economic, political, and cultural environments. Also, â€Å"providing customization to local markets is an expensive task requiring significant financial backing and of the mind share from the senior executives, hence the need for a carefully thought out strategy for global expansion is required† (Manangi, 2017). Their goal is to maintain number one within international ride-hailing companies, but with all the competition and challenges in today’s world there is potential in them losing this sustainability if a new direction in strategic planning is not met. References Ball, D. A. (2013).  International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition  (13th ed.).New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Bhuiyan, J. (2017, July 14). It’s a Hard World After all in Uber’s Path to Global Domination. Retrieved February 13, 2018, from https://www.recode.net/2017/7/14/15964808/uber-global-domination-yandex-didi Bloomberg L.P. (2017). Uber Technologies Inc: Company Profile Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/companies/0084207D:US-uber-technologies-inc Hyder, Y. (2014, February 7). Case: Uber. Retrieved February 13, 2018, from http://soumyasen.com/IDSC6050/Case15/Group15_index.html Manangi, S. (2017, August 1). Uber’s Global Expansion Strategy – â€Å"Think Local to Expand Global† – Will it Work for Startups? Retrieved February 13, 2018, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/ubers-global-expansion-strategy-think-local-expand-work-manangi Uber Technologies Inc. (2017). The Uber Story. Retrieved from https://www.uber.com/our-story/

Free Blacks in the Seventeenth Century Essay -- essays papers

Free Blacks in the Seventeenth Century In the early sixteen-hundreds there were nearly equal opportunities for blacks and whites in the New World, most specifically in Virginia. One African-American man in particular exemplifies this fact. Anthony Johnson escalated in society from being a slave1 to becoming a wealthy landowner with slaves of his own.2 The successes of this man both economically and socially provide a rather important window into the lives and opinions of the peoples in Virginia at the time, especially the black community and their treatment by their fellow white agriculturalists. â€Å"Antonio a Negro† arrived in Virginia in 1621 as a servant on a tobacco plantation, it was during his servitude that he met his wife Mary who had been bought to work at the same location several years after Anthony. Although it still remains a mystery how Anthony and Mary accumulated their wealth, they managed to buy their way out of servitude and acquire land of there own.3 They were not alone in this endeavor, however; it is known that several free blacks were able to advance in society in similar fashion. In the years between the mid 17th century into the later part of the century blacks were able to acquire land and status in the Virginian society. This proves that racial prejudices were subtle in this time span. In a society of even minimal equality in race it is possible for blacks to succeed alongside the white community. In the 18th century the lifestyle... Free Blacks in the Seventeenth Century Essay -- essays papers Free Blacks in the Seventeenth Century In the early sixteen-hundreds there were nearly equal opportunities for blacks and whites in the New World, most specifically in Virginia. One African-American man in particular exemplifies this fact. Anthony Johnson escalated in society from being a slave1 to becoming a wealthy landowner with slaves of his own.2 The successes of this man both economically and socially provide a rather important window into the lives and opinions of the peoples in Virginia at the time, especially the black community and their treatment by their fellow white agriculturalists. â€Å"Antonio a Negro† arrived in Virginia in 1621 as a servant on a tobacco plantation, it was during his servitude that he met his wife Mary who had been bought to work at the same location several years after Anthony. Although it still remains a mystery how Anthony and Mary accumulated their wealth, they managed to buy their way out of servitude and acquire land of there own.3 They were not alone in this endeavor, however; it is known that several free blacks were able to advance in society in similar fashion. In the years between the mid 17th century into the later part of the century blacks were able to acquire land and status in the Virginian society. This proves that racial prejudices were subtle in this time span. In a society of even minimal equality in race it is possible for blacks to succeed alongside the white community. In the 18th century the lifestyle...

Different Variables Changing the Rate of Reaction :: Reaction Rates Science Gases Essays

Different Variables Changing the Rate of Reaction To show that different variables can change the rate of reactions e.g. make them faster or slower. Theory: - That changing the variables in a reaction such as concentration, temperature and surface area will increase or decrease the rate of reaction. This would happen because, if you changed the concentration of a solution to a higher concentration the rate of reaction would increases, as there are more particles in the solution which means the particles would collide more. As they are colliding more, particles collide with the other substance making the reaction time much farter and greater. Low Concentration = Slower Reaction High Concentration = Faster Reaction Less Particles More Particles Equipment:- Chronicle Flask Measuring Cylinder Gas syringe Beaker Calcium Carbonate Stopwatch Pestle and Mortar Boss and Clamp Hydrochloric Acid Clamp stand But and Tube Measuring Scales Safety: - As acid and Bunsen's may be being used safety goggles should be worn at all times and all hair tied back. As glass is being used all bags should not be in the corridor and all should be careful when handling glass in case of breakage. All science classroom safety rules should be followed to ensure a safe environment. Prediction: - In our experiment we shall be changing the concentration of the solution, making the solution weaker and stronger. I predict that when the solution has been weakened by water to make it less concentrated the rate of reaction will be slower and weaker. This will happen as there are less particles of hydrochloric acid reacting with the calcium carbonate, the fewer amounts of particles the less amount collisions with the calcium carbonate. Therefore when the hydrochloric acid is strengthened by doubling the amount of hydrochloric acid and adding it with the same amount of calcium carbonate the reaction will be stronger and quicker. This will occur as there are more particles in the solution reacting with the calcium carbonate, as there are more particles in the solution the number in collisions will greatly quickening the reaction time. Method: - After all equipment has been collected and set up (e.g. clamp stand), and all safety rules are followed. First weigh the amount of calcium carbonate you will use i.e. 4g. Then decide if you will change the surface area, doing this will quicken or slow down the experiment. To change the surface area put your calcium carbonate in a pestle and mortar and grind down the chips into a powder, small chips or leave it in the size given. After you have decide and carried out this put the calcium carbonate into the chronicle flask. Then decide if you will change the concentration of the hydrochloric acid, to

HOW DOES THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PHYSICAL FACTORS ON AGRICULTURAL V :: essays research papers

The location of agriculture at all scales is the result of the interaction between physical, cultural and economic and behavioural factors. Farming in Great Britain has been characterized by technological changes in recent decades which has led to massive increases in yields and improved stock rearing. Much of this change is due to the application of scientific research in plant and stock breeding and improved mechanization. But even today agriculture relies heavily on the physical environment. All crops require a specific range of temperature, moisture, soil ands drainage conditions and these factors can be modified by the farmer but only to a limited degree. If we accept that a farmers choice of land usage is controlled by the physical environment, we must identify the optimum conditions and limits to production of any one crop . This will help to identify the spatial pattern of environmental controls. This was central to the ideas explored by McCarty and Lindberg in the Mid West of the USA and gave rise to the Optima Limits Model in 1966. Away from the optimum physical conditions become hostile and production/ yields decline. The optimum is the area where yields are highest and variability best, where soils are fertile, temperature and rainfall ideal and ground surface level for cultivation. Farmers will take account of physical conditions at a local scale when considering which crops to grow. For example, the Moray coast in NE Scotland between Elgin and Lossiemouth is a rich agricultural area where winters are relatively mild and summers averaging 17oC, rainfall occurs throughout the year and is typically 600mm. There are a variety of soils but mainly glacial sandy loams on the higher ground and alluvial soils where there were once areas of open marshy conditions. A variety of crops are grown, both cereal and root crops. However, there are limitations to agriculture in this area. The main problem is that of wind erosion, the sandy loams are light soils which dry out quickly with high infiltration rates. During early spring or late autumn strong winds can pick up the soil and cause localized wind erosion. Despite this being a well-known problem there are few conservation measures; the only evidence being improving the structure of the soil using manure. There have been no attempts to re-establish hedgerows. Wetness limitations occur such as at Plewlands Farm to the north of Gordonstoun and at Begrow Farm to the west towards Hopeman.

How Bmw Is Improving The Way It Works Accounting Essay

This study will be looking at how BMW is bettering the manner it works. It will concentrate on how BMW trades with environmental protection, merely in clip production and employment patterns and what consequence these betterments have on the company.ReportThe first country this study will look at is how BMW is bettering its environmental protection patterns. BMW is a charter member of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ‘s ( EPA ) National Environmental Achievement Track which recognises companies for their environmental public presentation ; it is besides present on the Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index, which rates environmentally friendly companies ( Walker and Bird 2005 ) . The BMW group looks to â€Å" carry on responsible and sustainable environmental policies, which are besides economically feasible. † ( BMW Group 2003 ) . The BMW Group have set out environmental guidelines as the footing of how they conduct their day-to-day operations as a agency of accom plishing this. BMW aims to utilize resources in a responsible and efficient mode and undertake to protect our environment for the long term. As a consequence all divisions of the BMW Group are guided by the International Environment Charter ( ICC Charter for Sustainable Development ) . The group realises it has a corporate committedness and duty for environmental protection which reaches to all members of the BMW Group, directors and executives are expected to implement the environmental guidelines and to actuate employees through illustration puting to presume the same duty ( BMW Group 2003 ) . The BMW Group has made a witting determination to reexamine the success of the environmental protection steps and to do farther betterments where necessary or as directed by ordinance or jurisprudence. BMW strive to cut down the effects of their operation on the environment wheresoever proficient, scientific or managerial know – how can accomplish economically feasible criterions which will ever transcend those required by jurisprudence. In development, design, production and the operation of installations, BMW use proficient and economic agencies for conserving resources and understating impact wherever possible particularly when presenting new production procedures and methods. Any new production procedure or method is assessed to see its environmental compatibility in the context of proficient, commercial and economic determinations. As stated in the ICC Charter BMW â€Å" take into consideration the efficient usage of energy and natural stuffs, the sustainable usage of renewable resources, the minimization of all inauspicious environmental impact and waste coevals, and the safe and responsible disposal of residuary wastes † ( BMW Group 2003 ) . The BMW group implement environmental direction systems to measure all important environmental facets in progress. BMW are to the full cognizant of their duty to the environment and are systematically using advanced engineering to understate exhaust emanations, fuel ingestion and noise emanations. By planing their merchandises to an optimal degree BMW guarantee that any environmental impacts are kept to a lower limit and by educating clients on the usage and care of BMW vehicles the group aims to go on protecting the environment long after the vehicle has left the mill ( BMW Group 2003 ) . Another manner BMW has found of protecting the environment one time the vehicle has left the mill comes at the terminal of the vehicles life where BMW promotes the recycling of the vehicle to avoid waste coevals and do usage of the secondary natural stuffs, This decreases the overall energy and resource ingestion in production and operation while finishing the rhythm for the reuse of stuffs taking to less waste traveling to landfill and fouling the environment. BMW expression to continue resources and better th e environmental compatibility of their vehicles by developing alternate propulsion engineering such as H cell and biofuel which are invariably being upgraded and improved as patterned advance in engineering allows. BMW have developed the CleanEnergy system which gives vehicles both a Hydrogen and gasoline armored combat vehicle which automatically switches between armored combat vehicles depending on what is required from the engine. The engine burning of H produces merely energy with H2O as a waste merchandise which gives a theoretically emission free fuel and possible a future free from emanations. ( BMW Group n.d. ) . Some critics of BMW accuse them of â€Å" greenwash † in mention to the BMW Hydrogen 7 which is the first auto to be made utilizing CleanEnergy Technology. It is claimed that the emanations produced during H fuel production outweigh the decrease of tailpipe emanations and that the Hydrogen 7 is a distraction from more immediate and practical solutions for cut downing emanations ( Wust 2006 ) . BMW do non restrict the alternate fuel doctrine to their vehicles as is seen in the illustration of the BMW works in Spartanburg in the U.S. which uses methane gas from a nearby la ndfill for 60 % of its energy demands which resulted in the works bring forthing about 60,000 metric tons less C02 per twelvemonth. For this accomplishment the Spartanburg works received the Energy Partner of the Year 2007 from the Us Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Amid other developments on the site this twelvemonth the Spartanburg works will breathe 92,000 metric tons of C02 less and salvage 7 million U.S. dollars per twelvemonth compared to 2008 ( BMW Group 2009 ) ( Njeri 2009 ) . With about 16 billion ton-kilometres per transported to provide the BMW Group ‘s production sites with stuffs, deliver trim parts and accoutrements to the gross revenues operations and administer new vehicles worldwide. BMW needs to understate the environmental impact this creates by utilizing efficient conveyance logistics, such as meeting ends in increasing the per centum of low emanations bearers and capacity use. BMW expression at the per centum of metric ton kilometers covered by rail, route, sea and air and Aim to better these figures yearly. BMW sends their conveyance agents orders bundled harmonizing to volume and progressively merely pay them for the volume transported. This has the consequence of incentivising the conveyance agent to organize services in a more clip efficient and environmentally friendly mode so capacity is used and empty tallies are avoided. Reclaimable disposable packaging has besides been optimised in order to maximize cargo capacity. ( BMW Group 2009 ) BMW ever try to choose the method of transit which produces the lowest emanations. As a consequence really small if anything is shipped via air as sea cargo is the preferable method. Over land route draw is minimised and rail transit is maximised wherever possible. In 2008 more than half of all new vehicles left the workss by rail with some workss despatching every bit much as 90 % of new vehicles to their finish by rail. Specialized trains are used to transport stuffs and trim parts and thanks to a new port in Brunswick distances screen by route cargo in the U.S. have been reduced dramatically. ( BMW Group 2009 ) . BMW usage Just In Time production ( JIT ) which is an stock list scheme that strives to better a concern ‘ return on investing by cut downing in-process stock list and associated costs. Implemented right, JIT can dramatically better a fabrication administration ‘s return on investing, quality and efficiency. The BMW Group is bettering the manner it works in the country of Just in Time production to better run into the more specific demands of its clients. BMW clients can do many petitions for additions and can do their ain specifications for their vehicle so JIT is really of import. The BMW Spartanburg works produces many of the latest vehicles such as the X5 Sport Activity Vehicle and the Z3 Roadster. BMW usage mySAPa„? Automotive to run a tight provider web that keeps parts coming to the two assembly lines in a JIT manner to run into client demand ( My SAP 2002 ) . mySap Automotive receives usage configured fabricating orders from the BMW planning system. The orders include all the parts required to construct each auto, the X5 for illustration has 100s of constituents listed in the vehicle measure of stuffs. mySAP generates the bringing agendas for each portion to fit BMW ‘s assembly line planning and sequencing. These long term prognosiss and short term JIT bringing agendas are so sent by BMW to its providers. BMW has an electronic informations interchange with its larger providers whereas other providers can entree the mySAP Automotive Supplier Portal where BMW posts the demands to supply up to day of the month information on its bringing demands. Using merely an cyberspace browser, providers can see release agendas, buying paperss, bills and technology paperss in existent clip. When providers ship parts they send BMW progress transportation presentments ( ASNs ) to supply the auto maker with exact information on portion counts and bringing day of the months so that when the parts arrive at the BMW bringing dock they can be transferred straight to the fabrication lines ( My SAP 2002 ) . BMW besides uses the mySAP Automotive system to supervise production position in existent clip as it registers production verification information every three proceedingss, any parts consumed during assembly are removed from the stock list count and costs are posted to cipher the value of work in advancement. mySAP Automotive helps BMW to cut down order to bringing clip and strengthens the auto makers supply concatenation activities in the countries of demand planning and the trailing and tracing of stuff bringings. This significantly reduces clip to client. By utilizing this JIT system BMW expeditiously manages stuff flow. JIT allows BMW to maintain the right degree of stock at the right phase of production in order to personalize every vehicle to run into the client ‘s specifications, for illustration one client may desire sat nav, leather interior and snow Surs whereas another client may desire cloth inside, metal wheels and cruise control. The JIT processes that BMW has in topographic point allows for this degree of personalisation where other companies may merely do two versions of a vehicle for illustration the Nissan Micra where you can either hold the vehicle with air conditioning and cruise control or you can hold the vehicle with neither you can non hold one or the other. BMW are said to hold now entered the station merely in clip epoch and are presently looking to switch from the merely in clip method to bringing on demand. Many BMW workss are trying to do telling a vehicle and acquiring it on the same twenty-four hours as easy as possible, at first glimpse this seems rather an impossible undertaking. To do this possible BMW is doing major alterations in fabrication procedures ; Vehicles are being redesigned to cut down fluctuations in sheet metal to cut down the figure of differences in organic structure construction. For illustration the current three series has merely two organic structure fluctuations whereas the one before it had up to sixteen ( Chappell 2002 ) . BMW has besides improved from JIT by altering its process of delegating vehicles to clients. Previously when BMW received an order for a auto it would stomp a VIN figure onto a newly welded organic structure which meant the vehicle remained assigned to one client as it moved through the production procedure. Now BMW assigns the VIN one time the organic structure of the auto is constructed and painted. This purposeful hold gives clients longer to alter their heads and gives BMW more scheduling freedom. At franchises BMW has introduced a computing machine telling system which allows traders to work with clients to configure the vehicle wanted, when submitted the bringing day of the month will return to the screen in five seconds. When the order is submitted, it goes straight to BMW ‘s cardinal office in Munich where orders will be calculated every night and distributed to mills worldwide. ( Chappell 2002 ) . By following this station JIT method BMW are going more flexible to run intoing the clients ‘ demands while protecting themselves from one client altering their heads about a vehicle throwing off the production agenda. BMW believes that companies are made by people and the more people encouraged to pull on single competences, thoughts and capablenesss, the better the company performs as a whole so the concluding country this study will look at is BMW ‘s employment patterns. BMW bases its human resources and societal policies on guidelines detailed in the United Nations Global Compact, the ICC Business Charter for Sustainable Development every bit good as the BMW Group ‘s Joint Declaration on Human Rights and Working Conditions. BMW promotes the enlargement of accomplishments every bit good as employees ‘ mental and physical productiveness. They support a diverseness of civilizations and ways of life at the company by implementing a assortment of working theoretical accounts to assist employees accomplish a work-life balance. BMW offers competitory, public presentation based wage every bit good as legion benefits to honor employees for their committedness. BMW shows grasp to employees and the direction by giving them the chance to actively determine the company by agencies of alteration direction programmes. The company encourages the motivational direction of staff and guarantees great employee satisfaction. ( BMW Group 2009 ) The BMW Group human resources administration was restructured in 2009 to run into new marks they had set in corporate scheme. Due to the recent economic crisis and the subsequent demand to cut down costs the BMW Group human resources sees itself chiefly as an advanced, efficient web that assumes a planetary function in structuring ad designing procedures. BMW offers much in footings of public presentation based wage ; each employee receives a fixed wage of 12 monthly wages. The fixed wage is complemented with farther elements harmonizing to local conditions and is assessed and adapted one time a twelvemonth. There is no difference in wage between male and female employees. BMW besides complements the fixed wage with engagement in the corporate consequence. The sum of the company bonuses paid out is based on the overall consequence of the company. BMW besides offer an single fillip which rewards employees ‘ single public presentation and retirement benefits. BMW besides offers e xtra benefits such as favorable conditions on vehicles, corporate accident insurance for executives and extra wellness coverage for wellness services in India and China. ( BMW Group 2009 ) BMW is regarded as a household friendly company and has household policy within its human resources policy with the purpose of assisting employees find a balance between their calling and personal aims. BMW offers telecommuting, portion clip work and sabbaticals to assist employees cover with household and personal issues. BMW besides offer 20 yearss unpaid leave per twelvemonth, many of these flexible working strategies aim male employees whose chances to take on duties of child care have improved dramatically. BMW expression to actively pull female staff as they are clearly underrepresented among the company ‘s consumption from learners, housemans, pupils and PhD campaigners every bit good as in managerial places. The portion of female directors at BMW has risen 66 % over the last six twelvemonth and females ‘ now make up 13 % of BMWs work force today ( BMW Group 2009 ) . BMW actively look to vouch workplace safety and biotechnologies to maintain staff healthy and to understate the hazard of occupational accidents by incorporating staff with public presentation limitations and by assisting employees lead a healthy life style. BMW have wellness and occupational safety direction systems in line with OHRIS and OHSAS demands at 12 out of 24 locations. This means that 80 % of all employees are certified harmonizing to direction systems. BMW besides lead a assortment of runs to maintain staff healthy such as free wellness check-ups, nutrition runs and fittingness constructs. BMW besides has assorted programmes on dependence and disease bar such as â€Å" covering with intoxicant † and â€Å" smoke free † every bit good as flu shootings and chest malignant neoplastic disease and colon malignant neoplastic disease early diagnosing. These programmes raise consciousness among employees and promote employees to look after themselves by taking advan tage of these offers. In decision BMW is clearly an industry leader in environmental protection, they are making new emanation free engineerings and puting in the substructure required to implement these engineerings. BMW implement recycling and waste minimising patterns in all of their workss and usage renewable energy beginnings to understate the effects their fabrication procedures have on the environment. BMW have besides improved on the merely in clip production procedure and have developed bringing on demand to do their production processes more robust and less unfastened to fabricating holds. By utilizing mySAP BMW has made full usage of communicating and mechanization to do the supply concatenation flow every bit seamlessly as possible. BMW have first-class employment practises and purpose to help employees in any manner the can, from implementing working strategies such as telecommuting and portion clip to looking after their employees ‘ wellness and fittingness through strategies that look at smoke, imbibing and general wellness. Employees are cardinal to BMWs success and are valued as such.

Social And Political Conditions Influences Readers English Literature Essay

With the contrastive contradictions, observations and sentiments of the characters a strong adjust is cert ain on the two elaborations, which could so be interpreted in variant ways depending on social and semipolitical conditions in dissimilar times and topographical points.In this consider, the point of model from which the novel is narrated and the occurrence that it is from a westward position, want our confederation, creates an aviation in which reading would change in several(predicate) societal and political conditions. Marlow s geographical expedition of the indigene polish provides an interesting position for us, detecting what argon unusual rites to us, yet to the indigens or to their posterities it whitethorn look rather normal. A western sandwich civilization is engaged by the geographic expedition of the peculiar events which unfold in the fresh whereas anformer(a) civilization whitethorn non be as mesmerized, they would construe it only unfeigne dly otherwise and by chance non pass along the same enlightenment.As the Europeans were far much technologic whollyy advanced than any other civilization these foreign bulk were seen as inferior and crude, they be simple the great unwashed and resultantly they were held in authentically low respect by the compounds and frequently depicted and inured as barbarian, wild animate beings. only the derogative description of these mess and of their civilization was seen as a precisely and hardly description during these times. Any uncomplimentary memorial was non seen as being favoritism, the population took no notice of it.Marlow s steersman, a native, is possibly the well-nigh complemented of all the native mint yet is still spoken of in an sick mode. A manner in which anyone straight off would be passing insulted and highly offended. Bing referred to as an improved specimen would agnize that there was so something rough him which necessary changing, something whic h distinguished him from everyone else and had to be corrected in order for him to be accepted by the colonials. Yet he is still in a low place, while much or less of the colonials seem to throw really pocket-size intent in the physical trip along the river, the steersman and the other indigens on the crew, the woodcutters, partake in hard and severe undertakings. Another native functioning the colonials, a guard, is referred to as one of the reclaimed, the merchandise of the vernal forces at work proposing that he has been reclaimed or delivered from another civilization and instruct in the righteousness ways of the colonial civilization. Many concourse today would intellect that non merely did these indigens non necessitate any better or reclaiming , that they were by their ain right peers to any other individual, but anyhow that the colonials had no right to use the indigens to prove their difficult work, to work as retainers. This is so exemplified by the hap less payment which they true for their services, three pieces of brass wire , as Marlow says, I do nt see what trusty their excessive wage could be to them. The culpable employment of dismal deal as retainers by white people was besides a big issue in America and the indefensible favoritism of these people everlastingly remains an issue.In real western society nevertheless people depicting the native Africans like these would be accused of being racialist and go capable to intense examination. The promotions in societal equality and anti-discrimination established in western civilization draw created a society which frowns upon derogative mention to other civilizations, charges or ethnicities as is normally used by the colonials in the punk of Darkness. A seeking for cosmopolitan tolerance has built a society which has learnt to accept and emb wash appear people of all races and beginnings, it is what sets us apart which brings us together. Upon Marlow s first brush wi th the native people he describes them as black chap and holding faces like fantastical masks , although people today would really plausibly be shocked and offended by this rough description at the plume in which the novel is set it would hold been absolutely acceptable. Many people of the dress would attest to it simply being the equity yet today those same people would be labelled racialists.However, from an alternate position, in stating that it is truth it must besides be considered that these people were of a foreign race to which Europeans had antecedently had limited contact. Describing their faces as atrocious masks may simply be over referable to a fright of what is different, what they most belike considered, unusual facial features of the foreign race is what provoked these re judges and non because they were in fact horrid. forthwith western society is far to a greater extent multicultural. We normally associate ourselves with people of different races, eth nicities and civilizations, we have adapted ourselves to see the voluminosity of every civilization and go much tolerant of other people. The African people would non look unusual to us as they did to the colonials and we would hence non talk so imprudently about them. To us there is vigour uneven or unusual about a black individual whereas for the colonials, of which many another(prenominal) had most likely neer seen a black individual, they were a whole revolutionary species to be discovered.Some of the different characters react otherwise to the hit of the two civilizations, they have a different position of the debate ethnicity. Marlow frequently seems to feel for the indigens, he sees an raw intervention, he says, these work forces could by no stretch of imaginativeness be called enemies. They were called felons, and the shadowed jurisprudence. He tells of how they ar treated like junior-grade felons, yet by their ain cognition they have committed no offense or any i ndecency. Marlow denounces the insentient treatment which is enforced by the colonials and refers to them as red-eyed Satans, that swayed and drove men-men, I tell you. in the meantime most of the colonials have a really different agencies of detecting the indigens and of covering with them. They are so the people who subject them to the inhuman treatments of which Marlow speaks, they besides seldom hesitate to up to(p) fire when they feel threatened.Even when they ca nt see who or what they are hiting at they continue to dispatch ammo into the steer which is the jungle. The pilgrims had opened with their Winchesters, and they were merely force piece of cake lead into that shrub. Marlow besides mentions how the Gallic transmit of the line would fire into the jungle from out at sea to an evident mark which could non be seen, In the empty impressiveness of Earth, sky, and H2O, there she was, inexplicable, firing into a continent. The European would fire into this limbo w ithout spying and placing a precise mark, yet they knew that there was soulfulness at that place. Person who was relatively painless and seldom hostile but person whom they felt was a hinderance or a menace to their wellbeing, guaranting me seriously there was a cantonment of natives-he called them enemies -hidden out of sight someplace. most(prenominal) of the Europeans treat the indigens with an indefensible fierceness, they punish them merely for being tribal and different. An attitude which Marlow seems to despise and glower upon. Had another member of the European society in the Congo been the main(prenominal) storyteller so there would ve most likely been a different position exposed to the reader, meanwhile people with a similar attitude to the colonials would see teentsy or no mistake in their actions like Marlow does. They would construe Marlow s observations in a different mode to others who are like-minded with Marlow.Though the sentiment of the fib may besides b e due to the frame storyteller, he may in fact be the 1 who disagrees with the colonial intervention of the indigens and non Marlow. He once more is in a jolly different societal and political place, Marlow tells the communicatory to him at a ulterior tog to when it was acted out. He may construe Marlow s narrative otherwise to the manner in which Marlow had intend due to his different societal and political penchants and the society in which he had large up possibly being somewhat different to the one which Marlow did.This manner in which societies have different political and societal constructions and how they change and develop over clip agencies that for all people their reading of a text such as Heart of Darkness can be really different. How different civilizations observe and notice different proceedings and rites, how they comprehend different euphemisms and descriptions, all depends on their societal and political background. What value and beliefs people have been cons trained to make a different reading. Interpretations which are as plentiful and every bit different as the lands and ages which have passed, people in all different times and topographic points comprehend the novel in interact ways. The different societies the characters have been exposed to, which the storyteller has been exposed to and which the reader exists in today offer a different position on the novel and many different waies towards its reading.